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|---|---|---|
| April 2026 | 2 | 3,707 |
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| August 2026 | 0 | 1 (collection gap) |
| September 2026 | 0 | 1,320 |
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4
Week in Review
IN THE NEWS A New York jury found that Live Nation and its subsidiary Ticketmaster violated federal and state antitrust laws by monopolizing the ticketing market. The U.S. Department of Justice and dozens of state attorneys’ general alleged that the company had engaged in unlawful conduct across the live entertainment industry, causing increased ticket pricing, limiting the power of performers, and preventing rivals from expanding. Although the jury found the company overcharged by $1.72 per ticket at “major concert venues” in plaintiff states, U.S. District Judge Arun Subramanian will determine other remedies. The federal government had previously made a deal with the company weeks after Gail Slater, the Justice Department’s top antitrust official, left the agency. The Maine legislature passed a bill that would ban all large data centers for 18 months to address economic and environmental concerns. The bill, which is the first statewide ban on large data centers in the nation, will be sentto the governor’s desk for approval. Similar legislation is being considered in at least 12 states, includingPennsylvania and Georgia. U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-.N.Y.) have also introduced federal legislation that would temporarily ban large data centers until they can be deemed safe. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the ALERT Act, a bipartisan legislative package to improve aviation safety, by a vote of 396 to 10. The ALERT Act would require pilots to employ new collision-prevention technology when flying in busy airspace, changes to helicopter routes surrounding major airports, and improved training for air traffic controllers. This bill followed a deadly collision over Washington D.C. last year between an Army helicopter and a commercial plane that killed 67 people. In support of the bill, U.S. House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Chair Sam Graves (R-Mo.) stated that it presents a “comprehensive response to the full scope of this accident.” The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the PFAS OUTreach (PFAS OUT) initiative to connect drinking water systems facing per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) challenges with location-specific resources, funding, and technical assistance. The PFAS OUT initiative would particularly target rural and disadvantaged water systems, which often have fewer resources to tackle PFAS contamination. EPA Assistant Administrator for Water Jess Kramer emphasized that this initiative will “help protect public health.” This announcement follows EPA’s recent move to designate PFAS as a contaminant group under the Safe Drinking Water Act. A new study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology revealed a loophole in the Montreal Protocol could delay the full recovery of the ozone layer by several years. Researchers found that while global production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has largely been phased out, exemptions for “essential uses” and feedstock production have allowed continued emissions of ozone-depleting chemicals. The study estimated that unchecked loopholes could push the return of the Antarctic ozone hole to pre-1980 levels back from the currently projected 2066 to as late as the 2070s. Supporters of tighter controls praised the findings as a call for immediate international action to close the exemptions, while critics warned that overly restrictive rules could disrupt essential industrial processes. The researchers urged parties to the Montreal Protocol to tighten definitions for essential uses and improve monitoring of feedstock emissions to accelerate ozone recovery. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued draft guidance on safety standards for human gene therapy products involving genome editing technology. This guidance applies both to products where gene editing is conducted in cells that are inside or outside the body. Specifically, the draft guidance provides recommendations for how sponsors seeking approval of these products can use next-generation sequencing-based methods to address safety risks from off-target editing and losing genome integrity across multiple phases of product development, such as sample selection and report. The draft guidance is open for public comment until July 14, 2026. FDA announced that it will convene an expert advisory panel to evaluate whether certain peptides potentially be removed from the restricted “Category 2” list that currently limits compounding pharmacies from producing them. The review comes amid growing demand for peptides used in weight management, anti-aging, and regenerative medicine, and follows pressure from U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to expand patient access while maintaining safety standards. The panel will assess evidence on safety, efficacy, and manufacturing quality for peptides such as BPC-157 and others currently restricted due to concerns over unapproved uses and quality control. Supporters praised the move for potentially increasing affordable access to innovative treatments, while critics warned that loosening restrictions without robust data could expose patients to safety risks and undermine FDA oversight of compounded drugs. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) and Verdant Research released a white paper urging greater transparency and stricter oversight of FDA’s accelerated approval pathway for prescription drugs. The report criticized the agency for approving drugs based on surrogate endpoints without sufficient post-approval confirmatory trials, citing cases where accelerated approvals were later withdrawn or failed to show clinical benefit. ICER recommended mandatory timelines for confirmatory studies, clearer public disclosure of surrogate endpoint data, and earlier revocation processes when benefits are not confirmed. Supporters praised the proposals for protecting patients and improving value in drug pricing, while critics warned that overly rigid requirements could slow access to treatments for serious or rare diseases. FDA has not yet responded to the recommendations. WHAT WE’RE READING THIS WEEK In a recent Brookings Institution report, Carolyn Sattin-Bajaj, a professor at the UC Santa Barbara’s Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, examines the negative effects of the Trump Administration’s immigration enforcement policy on schoolchildren. Sattin-Bajaj noted that since President Trump had been in office, he has rescinded guidance that restricted Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents from detaining people near “protected areas” such as schools, made it easier for ICE agents to enter homes, and lowered hiring standards. Sattin-Bajaj found that these standards may affect schoolchildren’s educational engagement, mental and physical health, and overall academic performance. In an article published in the Journal of Peptide Science, Yomnah Y. Elsayed, a Master of Pharmacy PhD student at the University of Bonn, Toni Kuhl, a PhD Postdoc at the University of Bonn, and Diana Imhof, a professor at the University of Bonn examined the global regulatory landscape for peptide-based therapeutics. Elsayed and her coauthors argued that fragmented oversight across jurisdictions creates barriers to innovation and patient access while increasing risks of substandard or counterfeit products. They highlighted the need for harmonized guidelines on manufacturing, stability testing, and post-market surveillance, particularly for novel peptides used in oncology, metabolic disorders, and regenerative medicine. The authors recommended greater international collaboration through bodies like the International Council for Harmonisation and clearer risk-based classification systems. They concluded that modernizing peptide regulation is essential to balance safety, innovation, and timely access in an expanding therapeutic field. A recent report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) investigated the submission of annual financial data by commercial service airports to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Certification Activity Tracking System (CATS). GAO acknowledged that the FAA has worked to improve the quality of CATS data in recent years by, for example, carrying out annual compliance reviews. GAO found, however, that the FAA still lacked adequate procedures to ensure the accuracy and quality of CATS data, and has not communicated the limitations of their data to consumers. Furthermore, GAO explained that the FAA had not delineated roles and responsibilities between headquarters and regional staff for managing CATS data. GAO recommended that the FAA administrator implement stronger data quality controls, clarify who oversees compliance, and publish information on the limitations of CATS data. EDITOR’S CHOICE In an essay in The Regulatory Review, Kevin Frazier, a law professor at the University of Texas at Austin, arguedthat the Guarantee Clause of the U.S. Constitution may be understood to be an “Antitrust Guarantee”—that big corporations undermine a republican form of government, triggering intervention. Frazier explained that under an Antitrust Guarantee, the federal government must “insist” that states prevent corporations from infringing the “republican liberty of others.” Frazier suggested one possible intervention would be to have states impose minimum charter requirements for all corporations doing business across state lines. Frazier concluded that an Antitrust Guarantee would protect states, such as Delaware, where corporations are concentrated, from the negative consequences of laws that contradict republican ideals. The post Week in Review first appeared on The Regulatory Review.

Week in Review
IN THE NEWS A New York jury found that Live Nation and its subsidiary Ticketmaster violated federal and state antitrust laws by monopolizing the ticketing market. The U.S. Department of Justice and dozens of state attorneys’ general alleged that the company had engaged in unlawful conduct across the live entertainment industry, causing increased ticket pricing, limiting the power of performers, and preventing rivals from expanding. Although the jury found the company overcharged by $1.72 per ticket at “major concert venues” in plaintiff states, U.S. District Judge Arun Subramanian will determine other remedies. The federal government had previously made a deal with the company weeks after Gail Slater, the Justice Department’s top antitrust official, left the agency. The Maine legislature passed a bill that would ban all large data centers for 18 months to address economic and environmental concerns. The bill, which is the first statewide ban on large data centers in the nation, will be sentto the governor’s desk for approval. Similar legislation is being considered in at least 12 states, includingPennsylvania and Georgia. U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-.N.Y.) have also introduced federal legislation that would temporarily ban large data centers until they can be deemed safe. The U.S. House of Representatives passed the ALERT Act, a bipartisan legislative package to improve aviation safety, by a vote of 396 to 10. The ALERT Act would require pilots to employ new collision-prevention technology when flying in busy airspace, changes to helicopter routes surrounding major airports, and improved training for air traffic controllers. This bill followed a deadly collision over Washington D.C. last year between an Army helicopter and a commercial plane that killed 67 people. In support of the bill, U.S. House of Representatives Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Chair Sam Graves (R-Mo.) stated that it presents a “comprehensive response to the full scope of this accident.” The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the PFAS OUTreach (PFAS OUT) initiative to connect drinking water systems facing per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) challenges with location-specific resources, funding, and technical assistance. The PFAS OUT initiative would particularly target rural and disadvantaged water systems, which often have fewer resources to tackle PFAS contamination. EPA Assistant Administrator for Water Jess Kramer emphasized that this initiative will “help protect public health.” This announcement follows EPA’s recent move to designate PFAS as a contaminant group under the Safe Drinking Water Act. A new study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology revealed a loophole in the Montreal Protocol could delay the full recovery of the ozone layer by several years. Researchers found that while global production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has largely been phased out, exemptions for “essential uses” and feedstock production have allowed continued emissions of ozone-depleting chemicals. The study estimated that unchecked loopholes could push the return of the Antarctic ozone hole to pre-1980 levels back from the currently projected 2066 to as late as the 2070s. Supporters of tighter controls praised the findings as a call for immediate international action to close the exemptions, while critics warned that overly restrictive rules could disrupt essential industrial processes. The researchers urged parties to the Montreal Protocol to tighten definitions for essential uses and improve monitoring of feedstock emissions to accelerate ozone recovery. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued draft guidance on safety standards for human gene therapy products involving genome editing technology. This guidance applies both to products where gene editing is conducted in cells that are inside or outside the body. Specifically, the draft guidance provides recommendations for how sponsors seeking approval of these products can use next-generation sequencing-based methods to address safety risks from off-target editing and losing genome integrity across multiple phases of product development, such as sample selection and report. The draft guidance is open for public comment until July 14, 2026. FDA announced that it will convene an expert advisory panel to evaluate whether certain peptides potentially be removed from the restricted “Category 2” list that currently limits compounding pharmacies from producing them. The review comes amid growing demand for peptides used in weight management, anti-aging, and regenerative medicine, and follows pressure from U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to expand patient access while maintaining safety standards. The panel will assess evidence on safety, efficacy, and manufacturing quality for peptides such as BPC-157 and others currently restricted due to concerns over unapproved uses and quality control. Supporters praised the move for potentially increasing affordable access to innovative treatments, while critics warned that loosening restrictions without robust data could expose patients to safety risks and undermine FDA oversight of compounded drugs. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) and Verdant Research released a white paper urging greater transparency and stricter oversight of FDA’s accelerated approval pathway for prescription drugs. The report criticized the agency for approving drugs based on surrogate endpoints without sufficient post-approval confirmatory trials, citing cases where accelerated approvals were later withdrawn or failed to show clinical benefit. ICER recommended mandatory timelines for confirmatory studies, clearer public disclosure of surrogate endpoint data, and earlier revocation processes when benefits are not confirmed. Supporters praised the proposals for protecting patients and improving value in drug pricing, while critics warned that overly rigid requirements could slow access to treatments for serious or rare diseases. FDA has not yet responded to the recommendations. WHAT WE’RE READING THIS WEEK In a recent Brookings Institution report, Carolyn Sattin-Bajaj, a professor at the UC Santa Barbara’s Gevirtz Graduate School of Education, examines the negative effects of the Trump Administration’s immigration enforcement policy on schoolchildren. Sattin-Bajaj noted that since President Trump had been in office, he has rescinded guidance that restricted Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents from detaining people near “protected areas” such as schools, made it easier for ICE agents to enter homes, and lowered hiring standards. Sattin-Bajaj found that these standards may affect schoolchildren’s educational engagement, mental and physical health, and overall academic performance. In an article published in the Journal of Peptide Science, Yomnah Y. Elsayed, a Master of Pharmacy PhD student at the University of Bonn, Toni Kuhl, a PhD Postdoc at the University of Bonn, and Diana Imhof, a professor at the University of Bonn examined the global regulatory landscape for peptide-based therapeutics. Elsayed and her coauthors argued that fragmented oversight across jurisdictions creates barriers to innovation and patient access while increasing risks of substandard or counterfeit products. They highlighted the need for harmonized guidelines on manufacturing, stability testing, and post-market surveillance, particularly for novel peptides used in oncology, metabolic disorders, and regenerative medicine. The authors recommended greater international collaboration through bodies like the International Council for Harmonisation and clearer risk-based classification systems. They concluded that modernizing peptide regulation is essential to balance safety, innovation, and timely access in an expanding therapeutic field. A recent report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) investigated the submission of annual financial data by commercial service airports to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Certification Activity Tracking System (CATS). GAO acknowledged that the FAA has worked to improve the quality of CATS data in recent years by, for example, carrying out annual compliance reviews. GAO found, however, that the FAA still lacked adequate procedures to ensure the accuracy and quality of CATS data, and has not communicated the limitations of their data to consumers. Furthermore, GAO explained that the FAA had not delineated roles and responsibilities between headquarters and regional staff for managing CATS data. GAO recommended that the FAA administrator implement stronger data quality controls, clarify who oversees compliance, and publish information on the limitations of CATS data. EDITOR’S CHOICE In an essay in The Regulatory Review, Kevin Frazier, a law professor at the University of Texas at Austin, arguedthat the Guarantee Clause of the U.S. Constitution may be understood to be an “Antitrust Guarantee”—that big corporations undermine a republican form of government, triggering intervention. Frazier explained that under an Antitrust Guarantee, the federal government must “insist” that states prevent corporations from infringing the “republican liberty of others.” Frazier suggested one possible intervention would be to have states impose minimum charter requirements for all corporations doing business across state lines. Frazier concluded that an Antitrust Guarantee would protect states, such as Delaware, where corporations are concentrated, from the negative consequences of laws that contradict republican ideals. The post Week in Review first appeared on The Regulatory Review.

Week in Review
IN THE NEWS U.S. Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) announced that the Senate will vote on a war powers resolution aimed at limiting President Donald J. Trump’s authority over military operations in Iran. The resolution comes as the Trump Administration pursues a longer-term ceasefire with Iran. U.S. Senators Tim Kaine (D-Va.), Cory Booker (D-N.J.), and Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) each backed separate war powers resolutions last month, all of which failed, as did a bipartisan resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives. Senator Schumer expressed confidence that the renewed push would gain more support. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a joint initiative to address contamination by microplastics—tiny plastic particles that have been found in human blood, tissue, and drinking water. EPA added microplastics to its draft Contaminant Candidate List, a list of substances that may pose risks to drinking water and warrant further research. Inclusion on the list signals that the substances may be considered for future regulation. HHS also launched a program called Systematic Targeting of Microplastics aimed at developing better tools to detect and remove microplastics from the human body. EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin stated that the agency would “follow the science” to protect Americans from plastics in their drinking water. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced a final rule that alters its environmental review process under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions before proceeding with them. The new rule rescinds multiple agency-specific NEPA regulations within USDA in favor of a unified framework across the department. Under that framework, USDA may provide only the “briefest possible discussion” when explaining why certain issues are not considered “substantive” and therefore do not warrant detailed analysis. This rule follows an executive order directing the Council on Environmental Quality to rescind its regulations implementing NEPA that had previously applied to every agency. The U.S. Supreme Court denied an emergency request to reinstate congressional candidate Sam Ronan to Ohio’s Republican primary ballot. Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose removed Ronan from the ballot on March 19, weeks after the state election board certified him as a candidate. LaRose and Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost argued that Ronan lied on his candidacy form about his membership in the Republican Party. Ronan countered that he genuinely changed political parties and made a good-faith effort to win over Republican voters. The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) will continue delivering Amazon packages after USPS and Amazon reached a new delivery agreement following months of negotiation. The agreement averts a potential disruption after Amazon—USPS’s largest customer—threatened to reduce substantially its use of USPS delivery services, which generate roughly $6 billion each year for the agency. Postmaster General David Steiner has warned that USPS faces a significant cost crisis, which he attributed in part to the agency’s universal service obligation, its legal duty to deliver to all U.S. addresses even when the delivery cost exceeds the cost of postage. Steiner has reportedly suggested that increasing the price of stamps could largely cover USPS’s shortfalls. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security continues to pursue the deportation of Kilmar Ábrego García, who is currently in the United States, to Liberia. This action comes after the United States reached a new agreement with Costa Rica for Costa Rica to accept deportees who cannot legally return to their home countries. García has argued that, if he is to be deported, it should be to Costa Rica. García, a Salvadoran national, was mistakenly deported to El Salvador in 2024 despite an immigration judge’s 2019 ruling that he faced danger from gang threats. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed García was deported without due process and required the Trump Administration to “follow the law.” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Acting Director Todd Lyons argued that sending García to Costa Rica would be “prejudicial to the United States” because the government has already invested resources negotiating with Liberia to accept third-country nationals. An Iowa law that prohibits instruction on “gender identity” or “sexual orientation” in public schools will remain in effect after the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit overturned a lower court’s injunction against enforcement of the law. The earlier injunction had narrowed the law’s reach by permitting the exclusion of “gender identity” and “sexual orientation” only in compulsory school programs, while noncompulsory programs such as optional student clubs could continue to incorporate those topics. Now, the law will continue to apply to all school programs as the case proceeds. The plaintiffs emphasized that the case has not concluded and vowed to continue opposing the law. The Federal Aviation Administration has called for a fine of approximately $300,000 against Southwest Airlines for allegedly violating drug and alcohol testing regulations. The agency claimed that over several years, Southwest allowed 11 employees who failed drug or alcohol tests, including pilots and aircraft mechanics, to return to performing “safety-sensitive functions” without properly completing mandatory follow-up tests. The U.S. Department of Transportation requires that employers administer at least six random, unannounced drug or alcohol tests in the first 12 months after an employee returns to performing safety-sensitive duties. WHAT WE’RE READING THIS WEEK A recent report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) examined whether married participants in defined contribution retirement plans, such as 401(k)s, are required to obtain spousal consent before removing funds, and what the consequences of doing so without consent may be. GAO found that most defined contribution plans do not require spousal consent to remove funds. When participants remove funds without their spouse’s knowledge, the financial and personal consequences for the spouse can be severe. GAO explained that women are disproportionately harmed given their greater likelihood of relying on a spouse’s retirement savings. GAO noted that although expanding spousal consent requirements could provide greater financial safeguards, doing so may also increase administrative costs and processing delays for plans and participants. GAO did not make recommendations, but highlighted proposals—such as notification requirements or consent thresholds based on the amount of funds removed—that could balance protection with administrative feasibility. In a recent article in the Yale Journal on Regulation, Ofer Eldar, a professor at UC Berkeley School of Law, and Mark Ørberg, a professor at Copenhagen Business School, examined why nonprofits choose to control businesses that sell products and services. Eldar and Ørberg identified two main models of nonprofit control: the income-generating for-profit model, where a nonprofit uses business profits to fund charitable work, and the socially oriented for-profit model, where the nonprofit ensures that the business itself pursues a socially beneficial mission. Both models face the risk of “mission drift,” where income-generating nonprofits may fail to distribute funds for charitable purposes and socially oriented businesses may prioritize profit over their social goals. Eldar and Ørberg proposed that legal reforms should focus on ensuring nonprofit independence from outside investors rather than from founders or donors and called for stronger mechanisms to keep nonprofit-controlled businesses aligned with their stated purposes. In a recent article, Alexander Afnán, a teaching fellow at the Georgetown University Law Center, argued that the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s mandatory filing fee requirement poses a significant obstacle to legitimate legal claims by prisoners. The act imposes a $350 fee to file a lawsuit in a federal district court, which Afnán contextualizes against the low wages many prisoners receive for their labor. For a prisoner earning 13 cents per hour, the fee is equivalent to a $19,520 fee for someone earning $7.25 per hour. Such prisoners must decide whether to sacrifice thousands of labor hours for an uncertain legal claim, sometimes at the expense of food, hygiene products, or phone calls to family members. Afnán argued that, far beyond deterring frivolous lawsuits, the filing fee prevents many prisoners from voicing legitimate grievances. EDITOR’S CHOICE In an essay in The Regulatory Review, Yonathan Arbel, a professor of law at the University of Alabama School of Law, and Samuel Becher, a professor of law at Victoria University of Wellington, argued that artificial intelligence (AI) tools known as “smart readers” can address the longstanding problem of consumers failing to read—let alone understand—the contracts and privacy policies they agree to. Arbel and Becher explained that consumer contracts are typically inaccessible, lengthy, and complex, which raises fundamental questions about the meaningfulness of consent by signatories who do not have a practical understanding of what they are agreeing to. Arbel and Becher contended that AI language models can translate dense contractual language into simple, accessible summaries, enabling consumers to make informed decisions without the need for government intervention. They concluded that smart readers represent a promising technological complement to regulatory approaches for consumer contract reform. The post Week in Review first appeared on The Regulatory Review.

Week in Review
IN THE NEWS U.S. Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) announced that the Senate will vote on a war powers resolution aimed at limiting President Donald J. Trump’s authority over military operations in Iran. The resolution comes as the Trump Administration pursues a longer-term ceasefire with Iran. U.S. Senators Tim Kaine (D-Va.), Cory Booker (D-N.J.), and Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) each backed separate war powers resolutions last month, all of which failed, as did a bipartisan resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives. Senator Schumer expressed confidence that the renewed push would gain more support. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a joint initiative to address contamination by microplastics—tiny plastic particles that have been found in human blood, tissue, and drinking water. EPA added microplastics to its draft Contaminant Candidate List, a list of substances that may pose risks to drinking water and warrant further research. Inclusion on the list signals that the substances may be considered for future regulation. HHS also launched a program called Systematic Targeting of Microplastics aimed at developing better tools to detect and remove microplastics from the human body. EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin stated that the agency would “follow the science” to protect Americans from plastics in their drinking water. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced a final rule that alters its environmental review process under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions before proceeding with them. The new rule rescinds multiple agency-specific NEPA regulations within USDA in favor of a unified framework across the department. Under that framework, USDA may provide only the “briefest possible discussion” when explaining why certain issues are not considered “substantive” and therefore do not warrant detailed analysis. This rule follows an executive order directing the Council on Environmental Quality to rescind its regulations implementing NEPA that had previously applied to every agency. The U.S. Supreme Court denied an emergency request to reinstate congressional candidate Sam Ronan to Ohio’s Republican primary ballot. Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose removed Ronan from the ballot on March 19, weeks after the state election board certified him as a candidate. LaRose and Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost argued that Ronan lied on his candidacy form about his membership in the Republican Party. Ronan countered that he genuinely changed political parties and made a good-faith effort to win over Republican voters. The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) will continue delivering Amazon packages after USPS and Amazon reached a new delivery agreement following months of negotiation. The agreement averts a potential disruption after Amazon—USPS’s largest customer—threatened to reduce substantially its use of USPS delivery services, which generate roughly $6 billion each year for the agency. Postmaster General David Steiner has warned that USPS faces a significant cost crisis, which he attributed in part to the agency’s universal service obligation, its legal duty to deliver to all U.S. addresses even when the delivery cost exceeds the cost of postage. Steiner has reportedly suggested that increasing the price of stamps could largely cover USPS’s shortfalls. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security continues to pursue the deportation of Kilmar Ábrego García, who is currently in the United States, to Liberia. This action comes after the United States reached a new agreement with Costa Rica for Costa Rica to accept deportees who cannot legally return to their home countries. García has argued that, if he is to be deported, it should be to Costa Rica. García, a Salvadoran national, was mistakenly deported to El Salvador in 2024 despite an immigration judge’s 2019 ruling that he faced danger from gang threats. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed García was deported without due process and required the Trump Administration to “follow the law.” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Acting Director Todd Lyons argued that sending García to Costa Rica would be “prejudicial to the United States” because the government has already invested resources negotiating with Liberia to accept third-country nationals. An Iowa law that prohibits instruction on “gender identity” or “sexual orientation” in public schools will remain in effect after the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit overturned a lower court’s injunction against enforcement of the law. The earlier injunction had narrowed the law’s reach by permitting the exclusion of “gender identity” and “sexual orientation” only in compulsory school programs, while noncompulsory programs such as optional student clubs could continue to incorporate those topics. Now, the law will continue to apply to all school programs as the case proceeds. The plaintiffs emphasized that the case has not concluded and vowed to continue opposing the law. The Federal Aviation Administration has called for a fine of approximately $300,000 against Southwest Airlines for allegedly violating drug and alcohol testing regulations. The agency claimed that over several years, Southwest allowed 11 employees who failed drug or alcohol tests, including pilots and aircraft mechanics, to return to performing “safety-sensitive functions” without properly completing mandatory follow-up tests. The U.S. Department of Transportation requires that employers administer at least six random, unannounced drug or alcohol tests in the first 12 months after an employee returns to performing safety-sensitive duties. WHAT WE’RE READING THIS WEEK A recent report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) examined whether married participants in defined contribution retirement plans, such as 401(k)s, are required to obtain spousal consent before removing funds, and what the consequences of doing so without consent may be. GAO found that most defined contribution plans do not require spousal consent to remove funds. When participants remove funds without their spouse’s knowledge, the financial and personal consequences for the spouse can be severe. GAO explained that women are disproportionately harmed given their greater likelihood of relying on a spouse’s retirement savings. GAO noted that although expanding spousal consent requirements could provide greater financial safeguards, doing so may also increase administrative costs and processing delays for plans and participants. GAO did not make recommendations, but highlighted proposals—such as notification requirements or consent thresholds based on the amount of funds removed—that could balance protection with administrative feasibility. In a recent article in the Yale Journal on Regulation, Ofer Eldar, a professor at UC Berkeley School of Law, and Mark Ørberg, a professor at Copenhagen Business School, examined why nonprofits choose to control businesses that sell products and services. Eldar and Ørberg identified two main models of nonprofit control: the income-generating for-profit model, where a nonprofit uses business profits to fund charitable work, and the socially oriented for-profit model, where the nonprofit ensures that the business itself pursues a socially beneficial mission. Both models face the risk of “mission drift,” where income-generating nonprofits may fail to distribute funds for charitable purposes and socially oriented businesses may prioritize profit over their social goals. Eldar and Ørberg proposed that legal reforms should focus on ensuring nonprofit independence from outside investors rather than from founders or donors and called for stronger mechanisms to keep nonprofit-controlled businesses aligned with their stated purposes. In a recent article, Alexander Afnán, a teaching fellow at the Georgetown University Law Center, argued that the Prison Litigation Reform Act’s mandatory filing fee requirement poses a significant obstacle to legitimate legal claims by prisoners. The act imposes a $350 fee to file a lawsuit in a federal district court, which Afnán contextualizes against the low wages many prisoners receive for their labor. For a prisoner earning 13 cents per hour, the fee is equivalent to a $19,520 fee for someone earning $7.25 per hour. Such prisoners must decide whether to sacrifice thousands of labor hours for an uncertain legal claim, sometimes at the expense of food, hygiene products, or phone calls to family members. Afnán argued that, far beyond deterring frivolous lawsuits, the filing fee prevents many prisoners from voicing legitimate grievances. EDITOR’S CHOICE In an essay in The Regulatory Review, Yonathan Arbel, a professor of law at the University of Alabama School of Law, and Samuel Becher, a professor of law at Victoria University of Wellington, argued that artificial intelligence (AI) tools known as “smart readers” can address the longstanding problem of consumers failing to read—let alone understand—the contracts and privacy policies they agree to. Arbel and Becher explained that consumer contracts are typically inaccessible, lengthy, and complex, which raises fundamental questions about the meaningfulness of consent by signatories who do not have a practical understanding of what they are agreeing to. Arbel and Becher contended that AI language models can translate dense contractual language into simple, accessible summaries, enabling consumers to make informed decisions without the need for government intervention. They concluded that smart readers represent a promising technological complement to regulatory approaches for consumer contract reform. The post Week in Review first appeared on The Regulatory Review.