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Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA)

A landmark federal law that protects animal and plant species at risk of extinction and the habitats they depend on.

Consultation requirements

A process under the ESA where federal agencies must talk with expert wildlife agencies (like the Fish and Wildlife Service) before taking actions that might affect endangered species or their critical habitats.

Agency action

Any activity carried out, funded, or approved by a federal agency.

Critical human water need

Water specifically required for a municipal drinking supply, emergency services (like firefighting), maintaining public health and safety, or for food security.

Water management agency

Any federal, state, or local government body with the power to manage or distribute water resources.

Secretary

Refers to the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Commerce, who are responsible for administering the Endangered Species Act.

Arbitrary and capricious

A legal standard used by courts to review actions taken by government agencies. It means a court will only overturn an agency's decision if it was clearly unreasonable, lacked a rational basis, or ignored important facts.