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Comptroller General

The head of the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), an independent agency that investigates how the federal government spends taxpayer dollars and evaluates government programs.

Prescription drug supply chain

The entire network of organizations involved in getting prescription drugs from manufacturers to patients, including drug makers, wholesalers, pharmacy benefit managers, and pharmacies.

Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs)

Companies that manage prescription drug benefits for health insurance plans, employers, and other organizations. They negotiate drug prices, process claims, and create lists of covered drugs (formularies).

Part D plan sponsors

Private insurance companies or other organizations that contract with Medicare to provide prescription drug coverage to Medicare beneficiaries.

Pricing benchmarks

Standard reference prices or rates used to calculate payments or determine drug costs within the supply chain, often used as a basis for discounts or rebates.

Formulary selection

The process by which a health insurance plan decides which prescription drugs it will cover and at what cost to the patient.