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Atmospheric River

A long, narrow band of moisture in the atmosphere, like a river in the sky, that carries water vapor from tropical areas to higher latitudes and can cause heavy rainfall or snowfall, leading to floods.

Under Secretary

A high-ranking official within a government department, likely the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere who also serves as the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Data Assimilation

The process of combining new observations with previous weather model forecasts to create a more accurate and complete picture of the current weather state, which then improves future forecasts.

Dynamical Modeling

Computer simulations that use mathematical equations based on the laws of physics to predict how the atmosphere will change over time, forming the basis of weather forecasts.

Machine Learning

A type of artificial intelligence that allows computer systems to learn from data, identify patterns, and make predictions without being explicitly programmed for each task, used here to improve forecast accuracy.

NOAA

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a U.S. government agency that focuses on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere, providing weather forecasts, storm warnings, and climate monitoring.