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Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB)

An independent agency in the executive branch that serves as the guardian of federal merit systems, handling appeals from federal employees and applicants concerning personnel actions.

Personnel action

An action taken by a federal agency that affects a federal employee's job status, such as hiring, firing, demotion, suspension, or promotion.

Civil action

A lawsuit brought in court to protect a private right or to redress a private injury, as opposed to a criminal case.

Judicial review

The power of a court to examine an administrative action or a legislative act and determine whether it is consistent with the Constitution or other existing law.

Standard of review

The amount of deference a court gives to the decision of a lower court or an administrative agency when reviewing that decision on appeal.

District court

The general trial courts of the United States federal court system, where cases are initially heard and decided.