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Vertebrate animals

Animals that have a backbone or spinal column, such as mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians.

Adversarial nations

Countries that are considered unfriendly or hostile to the United States. In this bill, specific countries are named, and others can be added if determined to be 'foreign countries of concern'.

Biomedical research or experimentation

Scientific study related to human and animal health, including research into diseases, treatments, and biological processes, often involving laboratory experiments.

Secretary of Health and Human Services

The head of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, a government agency responsible for public health and welfare programs.

Appropriate committees of Congress

Specific committees in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives that have oversight or legislative authority over the matters addressed in the bill, such as Appropriations, Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, and Energy and Commerce committees.

Cooperative agreements

A type of financial assistance instrument used by federal agencies to transfer money, property, services, or other items of value to state or local governments, other public or private recipients, where the agency has substantial involvement in the activity during performance.