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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

A federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans, major waterways, and the atmosphere.

In-situ ocean monitoring and observing systems

Systems that collect data directly from within the ocean, such as buoys, floats, or underwater sensors, rather than from remote sensing.

One-Argo system

A global array of robotic floats that measure temperature, salinity, and other ocean properties from the surface to a depth of 2,000 meters, aiming to provide a comprehensive, sustained global ocean observation system.

Biogeochemistry

The scientific study of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that govern the cycling of matter and energy in the environment, including oceans.

Atmospheric rivers

Long, narrow regions in the atmosphere, like rivers in the sky, that transport most of the water vapor outside of the tropics, often leading to heavy rain and snow when they make landfall.

Autonomous observing systems

Systems that operate independently without continuous human intervention to collect data, such as robotic underwater vehicles or gliders.

Artificial intelligence (AI)