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Federal Recognition

The official acknowledgment by the U.S. government that a group of Native Americans is a sovereign Indian tribe, establishing a government-to-government relationship.

Indian Reorganization Act

A 1934 law that promoted tribal self-government and aimed to reverse the assimilation policies of earlier eras, allowing tribes to adopt constitutions and establish reservation lands.

Trust Land

Land owned by an Indian tribe or individual Native American, but held 'in trust' by the U.S. government. This means the government holds legal title, but the tribe or individual has beneficial ownership, often with special legal protections and tax status.

Secretary of the Interior

The head of the U.S. Department of the Interior, responsible for managing most federal lands and natural resources, and for programs relating to Native Americans.

Aboriginal Land Area

The traditional territory or homeland historically occupied and used by an Indigenous group before the arrival of non-Indigenous settlers.

Membership Roll

An official list of individuals who are recognized as members of a specific Indian tribe, based on the tribe's own criteria or constitution.