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Appropriation Act

A law passed by Congress that provides money from the U.S. Treasury for specific government programs and agencies for a fiscal year.

Continuing Resolution (CR)

A type of bill Congress passes to provide temporary funding for federal agencies and programs when a regular appropriation bill has not been enacted by the start of the fiscal year.

Fiscal Year

The 12-month period for which the federal government budgets its money, running from October 1st to September 30th of the following calendar year.

Entitlements

Government programs, like Social Security and Medicare, that provide benefits to individuals who meet specific eligibility requirements, where spending is largely mandatory rather than discretionary.

Rate for Operations

The level of spending an agency or program is authorized to maintain, typically measured on an annualized basis, to cover its activities and expenses.

Lapse in Appropriations

Occurs when Congress fails to pass an appropriation act or continuing resolution by the deadline, leading to a temporary cessation of funding for government operations.