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Federal research award

Financial support, like a grant or contract, provided by a government agency to an individual or organization to conduct research.

Indirect cost

Expenses that are necessary to support a research project but cannot be directly tied to a single project, such as administrative salaries, utility bills, or maintenance of research buildings.

Direct cost

Expenses that can be specifically linked to a particular research project, like a researcher's salary, laboratory materials, or equipment bought just for that project.

Endowment fund

A pool of money donated to an institution, typically a university, where the principal is invested, and a portion of the investment income is used to support the institution's operations or specific programs over time.

Indirect cost rate

The percentage of a research project's direct costs that can be claimed by a university to cover its indirect, or overhead, expenses.

Institution of higher education

A college or university that provides postsecondary education.

Comptroller General

The head of the Government Accountability Office (GAO), an independent agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the U.S. Congress.