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Hardrock minerals

Valuable raw materials extracted from solid rock, such as metals like copper, gold, and iron, and industrial minerals like phosphates or potash. They are distinct from energy minerals like coal or oil.

Rare earth minerals

A group of 17 metallic elements that are critical components in many high-tech devices, including smartphones, electric vehicles, medical equipment, and defense systems.

Mineral commodity

A raw material extracted from the earth that can be bought and sold commercially, such as copper, lithium, or sand.

Byproducts of hardrock minerals

Other valuable minerals or materials that are recovered or produced at the same time as the primary hardrock mineral being mined.

Mine tailings

The waste material that remains after the valuable minerals have been separated from the raw ore during the mining process.

Codify

To formally write or incorporate a rule, policy, or practice into a written law or statute.

Federal land

Land owned and managed by the U.S. federal government, often by agencies like the Bureau of Land Management or the U.S. Forest Service.