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Foreign Adversary

A country or regime officially identified by the U.S. government as hostile or posing a significant threat, such as China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, Cuba, and the Maduro regime in Venezuela.

Covered Financial Transaction

A broad term for various financial activities, including giving gifts or loans, investing in stocks, bonds, or commodities, and using complex financial tools like options or warrants that create similar economic interests.

Civil Action

A lawsuit brought by one party against another in a court to protect a private right or to recover damages, as opposed to a criminal case brought by the government to punish a crime.

Preponderance of the Evidence

A legal standard of proof in civil cases where the evidence shows that it is more likely than not that something is true, rather than proving it beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal cases.

Security

A financial instrument representing an ownership position in a publicly-traded corporation (stock), a creditor relationship with a governmental body or a corporation (bond), or rights to ownership as represented by an option.

Commodity

A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type, such as oil, gold, or agricultural products, which can be bought and sold, often through futures contracts.