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Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

The primary in-house research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, focused on solving agricultural problems.

Smoke Exposure

When agricultural products, especially grapes, come into contact with wildfire smoke, potentially absorbing compounds that can negatively alter their flavor.

Wine Grapes

Grapes specifically cultivated and used for the production of wine, distinct from varieties grown for eating as table grapes.

Land-grant colleges and universities

Public universities originally established by federal acts to focus on agriculture, mechanical arts, and military science, often conducting significant agricultural research.

Viticulture

The science, production, and study of grapes, particularly for winemaking.

Enology

The science and study of wine and winemaking.

Authorization of Appropriations

A legislative act that permits money to be spent for a program or purpose, but does not actually provide the money itself; funds must still be appropriated later through a separate act.