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Amendment

A formal change or addition to a law, constitution, or other official document.

Constitution of the United States

The supreme law of the United States, outlining the framework of the federal government and guaranteeing the rights of its citizens.

Joint Resolution

A legislative measure, requiring approval by both chambers of Congress and the President (or a two-thirds vote to override a presidential veto), that has the force of law. For constitutional amendments, it does not require presidential signature.

Ratification

The official way to confirm something, usually by vote. For constitutional amendments, it means approval by the states.

Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States

The lawmaking bodies of at least 38 out of the 50 U.S. states, required to approve a proposed constitutional amendment for it to become part of the Constitution.

Chief Justice

The presiding judge of the Supreme Court, responsible for overseeing the court's operations and leading its discussions.

Associate Justice

One of the eight regular members of the Supreme Court, distinct from the Chief Justice.